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Big Changes twentieth century space will accrue during the twenty-first century

Vivian Taylor

The first major spatial change of the twentieth century is represented by urban expansion, the fastest pace which took place in the so-called Third World countries. While one of the most obvious features corresponding to the concentration of the population is even greater increase in area occupied by cities, which grow continuously. Suffice it to recall that our current urbanization rate is 85% and is expected to reach 88% by 2025.
This expansion, by altering its form, changed the notion of city as a result of the continuity of the urban fabric can not recognize boundaries clearly defined between them. This is the case in our country, large conurbations (Buenos Aires, La Plata, Rosario) in the city and its satellite towns axis they become a single urban conglomerate, with its own characteristics and distinctive.


The second change is represented by the expansion of the mass movement, communication and information. While the expansion of the mass movement has done that today people can move from one place to another as a century ago was unthinkable, these trips are becoming less necessary. The responsibility is to blame the media have created conditions of instantaneous those who have returned many of these transfers perfectly useless. For years now there are companies for which a coordination office is simple enough, and a growing number of educational institutions that channel much of their work through the virtual classroom, Internet or email.
often compared the digital technology revolution with the advent of printing. Since Aristotle, Socrates and Plato to the present, the main change was the printed word: the writing, books, lecture, discussion. Gutenberg's printing press, which transformed the mid-fifteenth century the art of reproduction of texts and production of books but without changing its essential structures, changed our ability to move information and knowledge across time and space.
is clear that we are currently facing a major revolution. Information technologies and communication not only present a new leap in how we can move and share information and knowledge. With the display change was radical, as are the methods for organizing, structuring and writing consultation which have been modified.
The electronic text revolution was, in principle, a revolution in reading: is read linearly but also in deep inside. Led to new ways of reading and writing new applications for which new techniques are required intellectuals. The electronic text allows the reader to record it, copy it, dismember, reorder, becoming an original co-author. It also allows you to override distance and access virtually any book anywhere. Something like the dream of the Library of Alexandria, and at home.
This reading revolution has been added also a new revolution: the production of materials. Today not require skills or complex specifically developed to be the producer of a web page, which are made available to public the work done by yourself, or those produced by others with whom one identifies or over which it has something to say, or simply want to display.
But these revolutions are daughters of the revolution, the most important, was the partnership between information technology and communication: web networking, communications and mobile phones, storage devices, e-mail separately are not as powerful as together. Uniting, set up a new territory in which to develop new activities or activities otherwise old, a territory-mail in which information is produced and stored, it is shared and adjust, and organizations can be built as a virtual school or a virtual community to address issues related to health, care, environmental, educational or safety. This is only possible when you have the information technology and communication act together. And there is an electronic space in addition to other existing and is as real as the physical space.

are precisely those technologies that give them the necessary support to multiple communities to develop. In this case, when we speak of communities, not just think of a physical space, but primarily as a group of people who find something in common Whether you are in a physical space, scattered throughout the city, or across the globe. It is social networks and communities of interest, to which I refer in more detail when discussing the phenomenon of offshoring. The technological revolution is, appropriately, in the way these people use information technology and communication to meet, share and do things together.

This revolution requires us to reflect on its impact on the definition of public space. And can bring separate communities and unconnected, and can realize the dream of the Enlightenment, also can be left out of participation vast sectors of the population for which the technology is only the other toy inaccessible.
Indeed, technology can reproduce the logic of exclusion, digital exclusion, but can also be used to decrease. Incorporating this tool can help recreate solidarity, strengthen social ties and opening new forms of citizenship, or at least to carry on there.

Argentina, like many other countries, has invested large amounts of public money to build community telecenters, a place where the community can go and learn some skills. But most were failures, and could not sustained. And even where it did work, no lessons were learned to take them elsewhere.
The reasons must be sought, first, that the idea was poorly planned. Lacked a strategy that consisted not only in setting up a call center, but part of how we use it to develop the knowledge and learning in a community, not just an individual.
Paradoxically, in these same locations operated Internet cafes, Internet cafes, the well-known that not only work better, but in general are used by young people. Of course I used to upload information on their social networks (like Facebook) or pictures on his fotolog, play online send e-mails and chat more as entertainment and education.
Today the challenge is to open telecentres do think the community that the community understands that computers are not only used to store and retrieve information, but created a virtual space to do things together: for example, improving their health, schools, public services. Serve to promote the formation of social networks in which individuals and small communities are heard each other and exchange their experiences. That is, discuss problems and develop more Rugged democratic identities.


A third change was made from the so-called conquest of space, has lost its romantic connotations to become practical. In the era of profitability, the adventure would have been too expensive if it had not allowed the exploitation of space as an extension of the networking of the planet by launching into orbit of satellites for communication and observation.


According to anthropologist Marc Augé [1] these changes in the arrangement of space that have been happening since the twentieth century tend to what is called offshoring. By relocating we understand some phenomenon in which the traditional association of the concepts of space and place has been broken, resulting in consideration of certain areas as non-places. Thus, together with its concept of relocation, enter the places not to characterize some of the new contemporary spaces that do not bear any mark of identity, there are no social skills, or are carriers of any story, so they are areas of policy and loneliness. This is the case of supermarkets, motorways, airports. But also includes under this name to all networks that broadcast the image instantly, voice and messages back and forth from Earth, we might say, following your reasoning, which in this case do constitute places, although without the support of physical space for the meeting. We could talk, more precisely, virtual places. Chat rooms, where they meet usually the same people, who are recognized and have established a relationship full of affection are a good example, as well as discussion forums, interest groups and social networks, virtual classroom .. .
sociologist Alain Touraine
[2] , meanwhile, says that in reality we live between two worlds. One, that of a globalized world economy, characterized by the features stated above. And compared to the other world, in which we seek identities that are becoming more defensive.
trying to protect us from the threats of globalization, anonymous and isolated us again, we ended up clinging to any group that allows us a sense of belonging, whether ethnic, religious, sexual, age, or neighborhood.
In Argentina, where traditionally the group joined the company total, this is a relatively new phenomenon, but whose birth we can not ignore. Maybe it's the only way to understand the outcrop of certain violent groups, the appearance of active forms of segregation and discrimination, tribal adolescents with characteristics distinct from each other and even their own names. Touraine
The conclusion to this warning, it becomes imperative that an effort to re-articulation of a social and cultural policy.

[1] Augé, Marc Spaces of the Future. 50 th Anniversary edition of the newspaper Clarin. 1,995.
[2] Touraine, Alain. Argentina in the Third Millennium. Metro Ed. 1,997

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Radicalized identities and citizenship

Vivian Taylor

Argentina society, like all contemporary societies, has suffered an acute crisis of identity, of the ways its citizens imagined within groups.
modern times, the choices were varied and could even overlap: one was a citizen, but also worker, young, male / female, college / a, Peron, a practitioner of any religion, fat / ae fan of a club. Many times, all together. But today we are witnessing a world in which the world of work is dedicated to expel, being young is a crime, the genre allows migration can not be a university because not enough money or not worth it, be Peronist means an outbreak of Menem meanings or treason, being overweight is a stigma, the very notion of citizenship has entered into crisis, and the great traditions of civic inclusion become the harsh policies of social exclusion.
seem to be unlikely. Just be a fan of some football team or participate in a tribe [1] . To a lesser extent, perhaps, participate in any religious faith. It's easy, and can have a lot of colleagues who do not ask where it comes from one.

The problem that we face is twofold:
On the one hand, that these identities are not and can be political and then imply that the discussion about inclusion and citizenship in this citizenship is diluted less, comfortable and a liar.
The other, more serious is that these identities are radical: there are only against other identity that serves the opposition. And when the identity is so lonely with no other choice that to assert itself as a social subject, the other becomes a quite another, and sliding to the consideration of the other as a rival and an enemy is inevitable. Hence the "do not exist." Do not exist is the battle cry that accompanies the "endurance guy."

deny the existence of the other, away from contact tolerant democratic society, it means accepting the other, you can just disappear, can be suppressed. Or worse, to be suppressed.


[1] A teenage tribe is a group of teenagers who take brand identity as a language, a dress, forms of art, that is, on all an aesthetic stance that allows them to identify themselves as belonging to the same while the difference from the rest.

Stages Of Germination Of A Seedling

Buenos Aires, World Book Capital in 2011

Buenos Aires has been named World Book Capital 2011 by the Organization of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) because "the quality and variety of the proposed program and the strategy on which it implies, "the agency said in a statement today, June 15, 2009.

A selection committee composed of representatives of the three main professional associations in the world of books and that UNESCO was chosen.

Buenos Aires is the eleventh city designated World Book Capital, after Madrid (2001), Alexandria (2002), New Delhi (2003), Antwerp (2004), Montreal (2005), Turin (2006), Bogotá (2007), Amsterdam (2008), Beirut (2009) and Ljubljana (2010).

UNESCO and the three major industry organizations, the International Publishers Association (IPA), International Booksellers Federation (IBF) and International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) - designate a city to play this role among the two celebrations of World Book and the Law Copyright (April 23).
This initiative is a collaboration among the principal stakeholders in the book and the commitment of cities in promoting books and reading, according to UNESCO.

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citizen and electoral transparency Control V

The vote represents the first stage of democratic life and a fundamental expression of the general will
. Ensuring transparency is an unavoidable commitment of all citizens. Shares and advice
the forthcoming legislative elections: http://www.calendariodelcompromiso.clarin.com/pdf/calendario180.pdf

Pokemon World Online 2010 Mac

Educational Forum: School Citizen - Educating City

A New Citizenship with Justice, Equality and Democracy

1, 2 and 3 September 2009

The V Forum will be held at the headquarters of the National University of General Sarmiento (UNGS), Juan María Gutiérrez 1150, Malvinas Argentinas.

For more information: http://www.ungs.edu.ar/areas/foroeduc_inicio/1/v-foro-educativo.html

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Salamone, and architecture that built the consciousness of the state's presence within the

Blog Linsey Dawn Mckenzie

Province of how architecture creates some kind of citizenship

Over 40 months, during the decade of 30, a Sicilian-born architect planted southwestern province Buenos Aires as bizarre as monumental buildings. Only built slaughterhouses, cemeteries and town halls. To populate the plains of these demented moles futuristic, its greatest allies were the concrete ("liquid stone") and a fascist governor wanted to "dignify the region."

By Juan Forn

Source: http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/radar/9-213-2002-06-03.html

We are in 1936, and public works (buildings and roads) are one of the key engines for economic recovery, in a country still ravaged by the global crash of 29. Under the motto "God, Country and Home," Gov. Manuel Fresco (a man whose fascist sympathies led him to publicly salute with raised arm, as well as shamelessly extol the Duce), decided to face an ambitious plan buildings in the 110 municipalities of the province to "dignify the official profile and landscape of the region." While the "patrician" Public Works Minister José María Bustillo awarded to his brother, the architect Alejandro Bustillo, the vast task of undeveloped beach in Mar del Plata Bristol, is for Fresco the huge backyard that was the southwestern province and it elects Salamone (an architect and civil engineer who is not very clear if he was born in Buenos Aires on June 5, 1898, in the village Leon Forte, Catania, exactly one year before) to "consolidate urbanistically" all those humble settlements, until the 30's, still being substitutes for defensive forts that were built in the late nineteenth century to protect the Indian, or were born as flashing dots concentration planted every fifty miles along the railroad advanced.

From overnight, Salamone becomes the most active projects across the province (then circulate two popular sayings, one of them says: "What have you built Salamone Fresh", the other fixes: "It does not move a brick without saying so Bustillo). While Bustillo redefines "gracefully" Mar del Plata with the neoclassical style that gives the Casino, Hotel Provincial, Municipal and high dry Rambla with its square, covered swimming pools and huge closets in their spas (a task that took ten whole years) to reach you Salamone less than forty months to the gigantic task of populating the remote villages of the plain of buildings monumental and impossible to define stylistically. A delusional that combination of elements of art deco and futurism, rationalist functionalism and monumental classicism (applied to buildings as symbolic as slaughterhouses, cemeteries and town halls) must add the effect produced by these mammoth buildings and alluvial superimposed the firmware crossbred Pampa horizon, dwarfing even those people flat houses and few roads. As if this were not enough, Salamone's work raises two additional problems for students of architecture: 1) that the guy did not leave a single theoretical or personal note written basing the reason for this stylistic decision (which leaves scholars pedaling in the air, to the extent that the investigator of CONICET Dardo Arbide pure product can claim it as Czech Cubism, Professor Mario Sabugo choose to name it Populist Futurism Buenos Aires, and the aforementioned Belucci speaks instead of the anticipatory it's Salamone iconographic style of Las Vegas and Disneyland), and 2) the ideological spirit that originated the project and ended megalomaniac "wrapping" (In the absence of reflections of itself Salamone), attributable to the fascist Fresco.

is no coincidence that the works of Salamone institutions focus on three-axis in the Pampean peoples' lives, such as cemeteries, slaughterhouses and municipalities. Fresco in the draft, it was imperative that the municipality will become the urban heart of each town (as well as the slaughterhouse and the cemetery should "announce" the entry and exit from the city center, one at each end). As for municipalities, the choice made monumentalism Salamone (rather than some variant of the council with arcades aggiornamiento or neoclassical palace) aims to convey paternalism state with a new sign of managerial efficiency ("the machine to handle.") To this point, the municipality must govern the lives of the people symbolically the architect topped with a tower building that exceeds height to the spire of the church, which was crowned with a huge clock (and not the evolution of the sun but municipality that tells time "official"). As for the slaughter, should be proud symbol of the new industry, with the increasing mechanization of dressing and imposing higher health measures, from the tiled rooms to electric pumps and laboratories (in this case, the absence of visible signs field outside the pens, Salamone opted to convert the front of the slaughterhouse in true symbolic ornamentation, which printed form of huge vertical blades). With regard to cemeteries, have family buried consolidating the sense of belonging to the urban settlement of the survivors. To strengthen that link, choose Salamone almost operatic emphasize the border between the city of the dead and the city of the living, building huge gateways (with giant cubist Christs and angels, or monumental inscriptions in letters RIP black granite alone reach fifteen meters, which must be added the height of the portal that contains them).

The great material Salamone ally in this task was the concrete (then called "liquid stone"), an innovation that allowed not only to conquer the heights of eloquence but hitherto unimaginable. That's what I sobreimprimía uniformly smooth white plaster (the democratic color as well as economic). It was also responsible obsessively interior design, combining always geometrically granite floors (which came from quarries in the mountains Pampa), with openings of iron, chromium metal and opal in the light fittings and walnut woodwork. The bathrooms were equally functional design and bright with floor tiles to ceiling moldings and fittings without unnecessary (it should be mentioned that in the case of furniture, his designs were not particularly happy, not in innovation and comfort, as shown in the official seat of the mayor of Laprida, whose support high repeat strokes of the tower that tops the municipal seat).

The supreme irony is that while Bustillo was devoted to open in Buenos Aires the tedious National Bank building, which according to their own statements to the press "set the starting point of the Argentine National Classic Style" (sic) the demented moles Salamone concrete rose in tiny towns, in addition to losses (in most cases, their population did not reach a thousand inhabitants, as Salliqueló, Urdampilleta, Saldungaray, Puan, Laprida Lobería Cacharí, Carhué or Carlos Pellegrini), almost behind the backs "of progress by the governor tried to arrogantly Fresco. Still, there are legendary stories, as told in Laprida, where the village leader, a man named Martinez, who had become mayor, intercepted the style cuatrero the train carrying farther south (apparently to Bahia Blanca) the disassembled parts of what would be the huge façade of the local cemetery, and at gunpoint ordered: "The cemetery is here."

With Castillo intervention that the provincial government in 1940, is interrupted by the roots for the urbanization of Fresco. Salamone not stay on the street precisely, in fact, still working for the government, but in the northern provinces, with the paving company that was created with one of his brothers, and devoted exclusively to the design of roads (mysteriously fails to address the whole structure). The new authorities force him soon after, into exile in Montevideo trouble, accused of irregularities in their relationship with the provincial government (here again, scholars disagree, but the process should not focus on his relationship with Cool-although the provincial leader not only always skipped the Architecture Department at the time of hire Salamone, but also he applied a "special" settlement-but one of the road tenders in Tucumán). The truth is that, after nearly three years of proceedings, Salamone is discontinued and returned to Buenos Aires, "claimed his good name." This includes, at least tacitly, the ideological aspect: while the official opening of the works in Tornquist, with presence and speech of the ineffable Fresco, waved, local media reported, flags with the Nazi swastika in the hands of the great Germanic community in the area (it is clear that we are talking about 1938, and then the flag "official" was the flag German Reich), none of the works I've read about Salamone is the slightest evidence of their political sympathies, out of his early affiliation (and soon disenchantment) with the Radical Party. Let's be clear: we are not talking about a very progressive. Until his death in 1959, Salamone had an evening gathering at his palace in the Calle Uruguay to 1200, visited by the historian Levene, the ineffable Arturo Capdevila (whom some school teachers yet to be defined as a writer) and Monsignor Lafitte among its members conspicuous. Surely there is a direct relationship between these gatherings and the stubborn new monumental construction abstaining from Salamone, but that's another of the mysteries surrounding the character. While in exile after his professional activity remained bounded to the paving company (by deleting the title of architect of the stamps and now involved only bidding neighboring, non-state), there are at least two buildings in Buenos Aires to his name , although the weather was responsible for anonymous, each in its own way: one of them, located on the corner of Avenida Alvear and Ayacucho, I took the plate with his signature when he blanked the facade, the other on the street Zufriategui , which hosted the paving business ran similar fate to remain under the shadow of the union of the General Peace and Libertador avenues when they built the bridge of Lugones. As for his most conspicuous buildings, which ghost town in the province, all but one (a fountain in front of the municipal palace of Balcarce, the people called "wedding cake", which was later demolished by the government) still foot. Slaughterhouses are mostly abandoned and in isolated cases by the deterioration in the roads caused by flooding, except the Blue (now home to abandoned dogs in the city), Pringles (become friendly museum carriages) and Balcarce (which has mutated into a chapel dedicated to San Cayetano). The municipal offices are housing authorities and housing are the cemeteries of the dead, chewed slowly through the bureaucratic neglect and over time, even Laprida, who was able to get the leader Martinez at gunpoint.